An Integrated Face, Tongue and Jaw Model

This model integrates FEM-based models of the face and tongue with rigid body representations of the skull, jaw and hyoid bones. Muscle activation is implemented as a combination of anisotropic muscle materials within the FEM models and line-based muscles to connect the rigid bodies. Full details are given here:

I. Stavness, M. A. Nazari, C. Flynn, P. Perrier, Y. Payan, J. E. Lloyd and S. Fels (2014) Coupled biomechanical modeling of the face, jaw, skull, tongue, and hyoid bone. In 3D multiscale physiological human, pages 253-274. Springer. (URL) (BibTeX)